David Mccullough s Life And Many Significant Events Of...

1776-David McCullough In 1776 renowned author David McCullough highlights the life and many significant events of the time. Most of the events of 1776 are set in areas like Boston and New York in the Eastern Seaboard. 1776 follows Washington through his triumphs and defeats of the Revolutionary War and gives a detailed description of Washington’s background. The style in which McCullough writes in makes this book simpler and easier to understand. McCullough gives a detailed-although sometimes biased-perspective of both sides of the war that is somewhat neutral. The book is started with a detailed description of the pampered king George III and his royal coach. McCullough states that George III was only twenty-two when he rose to power and took the throne. McCullough describes George III as dull and a simple character overall. George III was a big fanatic of music and art; he was even described as a gifted violinist and a gifted pianist. He also collected books and was the owne r of a vast library. McCullough says â€Å"No mortal on earth rode in such style as their king, the English knew.† The king’s loves and hobbies led to him finding the Royal Academy of Arts. I feel as if the description and background information that McCullough provides us with, help us better understand George III reasoning and intentions. As conflict in the new world emerges, it is the king’s duty to take charge and intervene in the matter. George III had no military experience whatsoever but he stillShow MoreRelatedSoviet Actions And The Cold War2092 Words   |  9 PagesAirlift in 1948. In order to evaluate the Soviet’s actions, important events are assessed in reference to the political changes leading up to the Berlin Airlift. This is important because it shows the events to setting the tone for the beginning of the Cold War. Articles are mostly used to evaluate these events and the significance of them. Two other sources in this essay are Truman a uthored by David McCullough and The 1940’s: Decade of Triumph and Trouble compiled by Cabell Phillips. These sourcesRead MoreRatification : The People Debate1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand found there was a legitimate concern for the new federal government to be as powerful as proposed in the Constitution and that many prominent, and not so prominent, men within the states’ legislatures, taverns, and coffee houses voiced vehement opposition to the Constitution’s ratification. As an historian and prolific writer, Maier dedicated her professional life to the study and teaching of late colonial and revolutionary America. She initially wanted to be a journalist but realized her life’sRead More Truman Doctrine Essay example2407 Words   |  10 Pagesstem growing Communist sentiment in these countries.The process whereby the Truman Doctrine came to fruition was a long and arduous one. 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Analysis Of The Movie What s Eating Gilbert Grape

Analysis Paper of the Film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape Sharon K. Chapman Tarleton State University Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. Note that all of the styles for this template are available on the Home tab of the ribbon, in the Styles gallery.] Keywords: [Click here to add keywords.] Analysis Paper of the Film What’s Eating Gilbert Grape The Grapes are a poor, Midwestern family living in an isolated part of their community. The father of the Grape family successfully completed suicide by hanging in the families’ basement. The mother is a shut-in who is morbidly obese, and is unable to care for herself, or her family. There are three brothers and two sisters, the oldest brother Larry â€Å"escaped† and is not living in the home. The youngest brother Arnie is intellectually challenged and requires constant supervision. Gilbert is the second oldest brother, and has become the father figure of the family. The oldest sister Amy acts as the surrogate mother. The youngest sibling in the family is Ellen, she is a typical egocentric teenager. Ellen has learned what buttons to push to set off explosions in the family. The stress that is occurring in the family is causingShow MoreRelatedPsychology Based Movie Review : What s Eating Gilbert Grape1646 Words   |  7 PagesBased Movie Review of What’s Eating Gilbert Grape What’s Eating Gilbert Grape is a motion picture drama that follows the life of the Grape family in the small, lackluster town of Endora (Hallstrom, 1993). Gilbert Grape, played by a young Johnny Depp, is the film’s predominant character and apparent man of the family after his father’s death. Throughout the movie, Gilbert narrates his thoughts as he attempts to navigate his familial responsibilities, his work, and his personal life. Gilbert strugglesRead MoreWhats Eating Gilbert Grape- Review and Critique2227 Words   |  9 PagesWhat’s Eating Gilbert Grape. Film review and critique. Society’s ideological constructs and attitudes towards minority groups are created and reinforced through media imagery. Although negative associations that maintain inequities with regard to race, gender and homophobia (Conner Bejoian, 2006) have been somewhat relieved, disability is still immersed in harmful connotations that restrict and inhibit the life of people with disabilities in our society. Disability has appeared frequently inRead MorePsychosocial Development Case Study Analysis1835 Words   |  8 Pages Psychosocial Development Case Study Analysis COUN5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Instructor: Dr. Rebekah Cole Abstract For this paper, I viewed the movie â€Å"What’s Eating Gilbert Grape†. I will identify the life stages the three characters I chose are in, what their psychological crisis each is, apply psychosocial theories to the situation presented, discuss the character’s life, how they functionRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Examine the Extent to Which Gender Is Socially Constructed Free Essays

Gender differences are biologically constructed. We are born either as male or female. Without going any further these statements appear normal and one can take the view that this is the general assumption. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the Extent to Which Gender Is Socially Constructed or any similar topic only for you Order Now What then is sex? Is there a difference between sex and gender? Distinctions between sex and gender have been made by social scientists from the feminist movement of 1970’s, when feminists argued that the traditional views of masculinity and femininity often led to the disempowerment of women. Ann Oakley (1972) in particular, set the stage for the socialization explorations of gender identity (Abbott 2005). Since this latter part of the 19th century, the common distinction made by sociologists is that sex is derived from the biological differences between men and women – chromosome make up, internal and external genitals and reproductive organs amongst others. Gender, however, refers to the socially constructed characteristics of masculinity and femininity, characteristics that are defined by different societies and cultures in different ways. In contrast, there are arguments proposing that gender differences are based on biological sex and result from biological factors – we naturally show characteristics of masculinity and femininity. These different views are often referred to as the nature v nurture debate (Marsh et al 2009, Lippa 2005 and Abbott 2005) Here we will look at some of the biological explanations in support of the assumption that gender differences are biologically determined before moving on to the sociological explorations of the social construction of gender, and the limitations of both views. We will also look at the gender differences across cultures and the influence of the mass media in shaping our society. Biological sex differences have often been used to explain the ‘natural’ differences in roles employed by men and women – men are naturally the breadwinners and the women nurture and take care of the family. The different arguments for the biological explanations of gender roles are often referred to as ‘essentialism’ and ‘biological determinism’ (Marsh et al 2009). Talcott Parsons (Parsons and Bales 1955 as cited in Marsh et al 009) argued that the natural differences between men and women suit them to specific roles within society. This is referred to as the ‘sex-role’ theory. This theory relies on the premise that there are two distinct categories of men and women throughout the world. It therefore follows that heterosexuality is viewed as the norm. This immediately excludes those persons who feel that th eir gender identity does not correspond with their biological sex, for example transsexuals and homosexuals. Since the first wave of feminism in the 1970’s the focus has shifted towards the now dominant socialization explanations of gender identity, however we still see new biological theories and studies appearing. For example, biological determinists have looked to the differences in male and female brains. In their book Brain Sex (1989), Anne Moir and David Jessel talk of the ‘prenatal hormone’ theory, whereby testosterone has an influence on thought process and emotions leading to the brain being wired differently between men and women (Marsh et al 2009). Simon Baron-Cohen also has similar views – â€Å"the female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy, and the male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems†. (Simon Baron-Cohen 2003 as cited in Marsh et al 2009:220). In contrast, the various socialization explanations of gender argue that our gender identities are created by society, by interactions from early childhood with parents, siblings and peers (social learning theory) and by external influences such as the mass media, continually developing through our social interactions and experiences into adulthood. The differences across cultures in what is considered as masculine and feminine are also studied in support of this concept. â€Å"The different social experiences of women and men are the creation of society far more than biology† (Macionis and Plummer 2005:308). The social learning theory suggests that from birth we learn what is considered as â€Å"gender-appropriate† behaviours and traits (Marsh et al 2009). â€Å"Infants are seen as blank states, waiting to be written on by their environment† (Bilton et al 2002:136). This theory suggests that through nteraction with parents, siblings and peers, children learn the characteristics of their gender role – which emotions to display, activities to take part in or avoid, toys to play with, clothing to wear, work and hobbies to pursue amongst others. It is also widely accepted that children copy what they see and try to emulate their peers etc. This is referred to by sociologists as ‘modelling’. The majority of persons will recall that some behaviours are encouraged and accepted whereas if a child emulates something that a parent views as wrong or abnormal this is discouraged. The reactions from parents etc. einforce the gender characteristics expected of the child (Marsh et al 2009). A study undertaken in North Carolina of pre school children (Robinson and Morris 1986 cited in Bilton et al 2002) proposes that the social learning theory is an incomplete explanation that we learn all ‘gender-appropriate’ behaviours. In this study, children were themselves selecting ‘gender-stereotyped’ toys for their Christmas presents. For example dolls were selected by the girls and military toys by the boys. The parents selections for the children were mostly sex-neutral – art supplies and musical instruments. The early inclinations of the children to conform to their gender roles cannot be explained by the social learning theory (Bilton et al 2002). In 1971 Sandra Bem, a Pennsylvanian psychologist created the Bem Sex Role Inventory. This inventory lists various characteristics which are stereotyped as being masculine (dominant, athletic) or feminine (affectionate, flatterable). Individuals can assess themselves by selecting which of the characteristics they view as being desirable for a man or woman in order to determine how well you fit into your traditional gender role. The results from a sample of participants show that both men and women share a range of what are considered to be stereotypical feminine and masculine traits (Marsh et al 2009). Some writers have interpreted that Bem is in effect arguing that â€Å"the development of typical gender roles and gender stereotyping are not inevitable† (Marchbank and Letherby 2007:125 as cited in Marsh et al 2009:223). In other words parents, teachers etc. can influence the gender identities of the children. Money and Ehrhdart (1972) report the case of a 7 month old boy who after losing his penis in an accident underwent surgery to reconstruct his genitals as female. He was thereafter raised as a girl and is reported to have developed normally as such (Money and Ehrdart 1972 as cited in Bilton et al 2002). This would support the interpreted view of Bem above. The stereotypical gender projections of the mass media are also said to have an influence on our gender identities, often reinforcing gender stereotypes. â€Å"The media are forms of pedagogy that teach us how to be men and women† (Kellner 1995:5 as cited in Marsh et al 2009:231). Some argue that the media however offers a variety of images that both challenge and support stereotypical views (Stacey 1994 as in Marsh et al 2009). Feminine stereotypes are reinforced by media representation of the fashion, beauty and diet industries, focussing on physical improvement and reinforcing the stereotype that women should always look their best and ‘primp’ and ‘preen’ themselves. Programmes such as How to Look Good Naked and Extreme Makeover are becoming increasingly popular. Masculine stereotypes are also reinforced in advertising. For example, the beer industry relies on the masculine stereotype to appeal to its audience and alternatives such as gay men and househusbands amongst others are markedly absent from this type of advert. (Strate 2004 cited in Marsh et al 2009). The media is viewed by sociologists as a powerful tool in conveying stereotypical and idealistic views of femininity and masculinity to its audience. Other arguments and studies highlighting the social construction of gender look at the different views across different cultures upon what characteristics are considered as masculine and feminine. Margaret Mead, an American cultural anthropologist, undertook a study of three primitive societies within New Guinea (1935), the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli. Mead noted that the Arapesh men and women expressed similar attitudes and behaviours. They were peaceful, sensitive and cooperative, traits that in our culture are considered as feminine. The Mundugumor men and women again shared similar behaviours, however, in contrast to the Arapesh they displayed what we would view as masculine traits – aggressive, selfish and ‘warlike’. The Tchambuli men and women, similar to our culture, displayed different behaviours although the women displayed masculine traits of dominance and aggression, and the men displayed feminine traits, having responsibility for domestic activities and care of the young as well as ‘primping’ and decorating themselves (Macionis and Plummer 2005, Marsh et al 2009). A further example of the cultural differences surrounding masculinity and femininity can be seen in Samoa where men can take on the role and identity of females. They are known as fa’afafine which literally means ‘like a woman’. The biological sex is male but the gender is considered as female. They dress like women, carry out what are considered as the female tasks within the household – cooking, cleaning, and washing and have relationships with other men. It can be the choice of a boy to take on a female role or it may be that they are raised as fa’afafine by their family if they have no or few daughters needed to undertake the female role within the household. Although men have relationships with the fa’afafines they strongly feel that this is not homosexual behavior. Fa’afafines consider themselves female and believe that the men who have relations with them also see them as female (See – National Geographic Channel ‘Taboo’ studies). We can see clearly from Mead’s study and the fa’afafines in Samoa that different cultures define masculinity and femininity in different ways. Gender identities are capable of being shaped or formed, therefore giving substantial weight to the argument that gender is socially constructed and is derived from our social and cultural traditions and views. On balance, the arguments of the biological determinists appear very limited in their application to those outwith the ‘normal’ heterosexual categories of male and female. In contrast the socialization explanations show that we can influence gender identities and that although sex is biologically determined it does not automatically follow that we naturally inherit the stereotypical characteristics of masculinity and femininity. Mead’s study alone provides strong evidence to support this point. To conclude, the general assumption and explanations that gender differences are biologically determined appear to have been somewhat overshadowed since the 1970’s. The majority of sociologists are in preference of the views, studies and evidence that support the sociological explanation of gender as being socially constructed with any differences being derived from society and culture. In comparison, the biological viewpoints and theories appear to struggle to correlate with today’s modern and multicultural society. References Abbott, P. Wallace, C. and Tyler, M. (2005) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London: Routledge. Bilton, T. , Bonnett, K. , Jones, P. , Lawson, T. , Skinner, D. , Stanworth, M. and Webster, A. (2002) Introductory Sociology. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Lippa, R. A. (2005) Gender, Nature, and Nurture. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Macionis, J. and Plummer, K. (2005) Sociology: A Global Introduction. Harlow: Pearson. Marsh, I. , Keating, M. , Punch, S. and Harden, J. (2009) Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Harlow:Pearson. How to cite Examine the Extent to Which Gender Is Socially Constructed, Papers

Truman Doctrines free essay sample

States that it could no longer furnish the economic and military assistance it had been providing to Greece and Turkey since the end of WI. The Truman administration believed that both nations were threatened by communism and disputed at the chance to take a tough stand against the Soviet Union. In Greece, force has been battling the Greek royal government since the end Of WI. In Turkey, the Soviets were demanding some manner of control over the Darkness, territory from which Turkey was able to dominate the strategies waterways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.On March 1 2, 1947 Truman appear before a group of Congress to make his case. He declared the world faced a chance in the years to come. Nations could adapt a way of life based upon the will of the majority and minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. He proposed the Truman Doctrine which provided political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Truman Doctrines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It effectively reoriented U. S. Foreign policy, away from its usual standpoint of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the U. S. O one of possible intervention in far away conflicts. He began by outlining the situation In Greece and Turkey, Assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation, they must have assistance if it is to become a self-sufficient and self- respecting democracy. Greece and Turkey will fall to communism without help. Truman requested that Congress provide $400 million worth of aid to both Greece and Turkey to support the dispatch of American civilian and military personnel and equipment to the region. Congress granted it. This became known as the Military Assistance Program.It ultimately led to NATO- Many historians say the Truman Doctrine marked the American policy of containment. The most famous passage from Traumas speech: l believe that it must be the policy of the U. S. To support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. They ideas of this speech informed the communism that they can keep what it had got but Truman would not let it grow anymore. Houghton Muffling says that Truman Doctrine expanded the nations role in checking the spread of communism.

A Womans Role Essays - Trapp Family, Salzburg, The Sound Of Music

A Woman's Role According to Judeo-Christian tradition, divine edict clearly relegates women to a position of subservience beneath men, as expressed in the Genesis creation account. This idea of female servility has dominated Western culture for thousands of years with virtually no significant changes; only in the past several decades has the notion of male dominance lost wide-spread acceptance in America. Prior to this cultural shift, American ideology mandated that women dutifully obey their husbands and confine themselves to managing the home and raising children, thus depriving them of any power beyond the sphere of the home and rendering them dependent on their husbands. This mentality is especially apparent in the movie, The Sound of Music. In The Sound of Music, female characters are portrayed to be highly dependent upon men, a central aspect of the traditional woman's role. This is initially shown in the scene where Ralph and Liesl are singing and dancing in the gazebo. Liesl sings that she is scared to face a world of men and would like to depend on Ralph in order to alleviate her fear. Ralph acknowledges and accepts her submission, telling Liesl that since he is older and wiser he will take care of her. Liesl offers to submit herself to Ralph in accordance with her preconceived notion of male-female relationships, thus fulfilling her yearning of security in social normalcy. She is willing to become dependent upon Ralph and cross the threshold into traditional womanhood. Although she may wear a mask of independence, Maria also fills the role of the traditional woman. Independence can be measured by the amount of control one has over her own life, and, if Maria's control over herself is analyzed, it is clear that she lacks independence. Initially, Maria appears to be independent when she ignores the Captain's prescriptions for stern child raising and defies his direct orders by making the children play clothes. When Maria is reprimanded for her actions, she stands up to the Captain, criticizing the way he raises his children. Through these actions, Maria seems to deviate from stereotypical feminine behavior by challenging the Captain's authority, however, upon closer examination, such is not the case. The children are traditionally the woman's responsibility and are a matter over which she is supposed to have control. In standing up to the Captain, Maria is merely exercising the domestic influence granted to her under the cultural ideal of female subs ervience. Even this control is limited, as the Captain can overrule Maria's decisions at any time. The Captain, who has ultimate power over his household, silences Maria's attempt at insurgence by ordering her to return to the abbey. The woman, Maria, does not have ultimate control of the children and lacks control over her own actions. Maria demonstrates pseudo-control over her own life when she decides to leave the abbey permanently. Though it seems she is making a great decision for herself and is demonstrating independence, she had only a very limited choice. Maria had to decide which of the accepted woman's roles she would take. The only two accepted lifestyles were that of a nun or a wife. Maria's choices were defined by men and therefore her control was in the hands of men, robbing her of true independence. All matters of true significance were controlled by men, defining the traditional stereotype. When assuming the role of the children's mother, Maria matches the criterion of a traditional woman very well. Like the stereotypical mother, she nurtures the children, comforting them during a thunderstorm and protecting them from their father's anger after they placed a pine cone on her dinner seat as a practical joke. Maria plays games with the children, teaches them to sing, and helps them learn to be comfortable in nearly any situation, as a traditional mother should. Maria also fills the role of a traditional wife. After she and the Captain establish an intimate relationship, she aids and serves him in any way possible. This subservience of a woman to a man is one of the fundamental principles of the traditional wife. When the family is fleeing Austria, she dutifully obeys the Captain. Maria never questions the Captain's convictions and helps him in escaping the Nazi troops. She

Boleslavsky Chapter 1 review essays

Boleslavsky Chapter 1 review essays The first concept that we learn in Richard Boleslavskys Acting: The First Six Lessons is about Concentration; a technique that all actors need to focus upon in order to help create a believable presence onstage. He states that Concentration in the quality that permits us to direct all of our spiritual and intellectual forces toward one definite object and to continue as long as it pleases and to do so- sometimes for a time much longer then our physical strength can endure. (pg. 9) At first talking to a young prospective student about how theater cannot be taught. Its merely whether or not you have the talent to play that determines whether you can know theater. He then asks the student what shows she has done and asks her to speak some lines. By doing this he shows he that there is more then one way to express oneself through a set of lines, it was easier for the student to curse something then to struggle to think of how to use the same line to give it praise. He explains to her the creature, as she is called, that she did not understand theater and completely went against everything theater stands for, basically saying she cannot act. By accusing her of this, he evoked a pure, raw emotion in her of pain and sadness. He then explained to her what he had just done, showing the creature that she had just used emotion to work on something and then went into the importance of concentration, telling a small story about a fisherman who used all of his concentration to get his boat safely back to the harbor, and only then did he let his concentration done and fainted. He explains that most all professions have some sort of material concentration, but the actor has the human soul. The creature asked, But how do you start? In wish there is a reply that you use your 5 tools, your 5 senses to start at the beginning to create a character. It is only from there that you can begin to constr ...

Purpose of Criminal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purpose of Criminal Laws - Essay Example For example, a child that fails to clean their room would receive â€Å"punishment† in the form of extra chores or loss of other things they normally enjoy. For criminal law, it is no different, except that the consequences of their actions involve a loss of privilege on a greater scale, such as by imprisonment or fines (Banks, 2009). Again, if there were no punishments, there would be no reason not to commit crimes; therefore, some type of consequences must be handed out. Criminal laws seek to set consequences for and punish those that have carried out a crime by means of deterrence, as well as incapacitation, incarceration, restitution, and retribution. People are â€Å"deterred† from actions when they refrain from carrying them out because they fear or do not want the consequences that come with the action (Banks, 2009). Criminal laws aids in this because they not only define what the laws are that cannot be broken but also set out the punishment that each law brings with it. In a state with a death penalty, for example, if someone does not wish to be punished by death, they will not commit a crime that leads them down that path. Thus, the criminal laws have done their job both in setting out the action and the punishment for it, because it has kept people from committing crimes due to the consequences imposed. Though some question the validity of deterrence and call for stiffer penalties in certain laws (Banks, 2009), the fact remains that deterrence is a reason that criminal laws exist. Another reason that criminal laws exist is retribution. Simply put, retribution means that whoever has gone against the laws of society deserves to be punished, and it will bring a measure of peace, if not pleasure, to those that were wronged to see punishment happen. Systems of retribution for crime have long existed, with the best known being the Biblical proverb of â€Å"an eye for an eye† (Banks, 2009). While retribution is known to be confused with revenge, it has been pointed out in law and in argument that the difference between the two is very defined: retribution involves limits set according to the seriousness of the wrongs done to society, whereas there is no limit to revenge (Banks, 2009). Take again the case of the criminal who chooses to murder and take a life in a state that has the death penalty. If convicted, they will pay with their own life through execution. One cannot argue that this is, in fact, an example of â€Å"an eye for an eye† logic in punishing someone who has done wrong. Criminal laws also exist to provide incapacitation and incarceration measures for those that choose to go against the laws of society. Incapacitation is a theory of â€Å"incarceration†, arguing that some criminals need to be separated from society not only for what they might have done but also to protect those who have not done wrong from this individual. It is seen as a good punishment for those that commit crimes be cause while they are incapacitated, or incarcerated

Data Protection and privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Protection and privacy - Essay Example ormation given to schools, workplaces, banks, healthcare facilities and even in any local government firm are handled and kept securely and to what grounds can an institution be called of breach in giving a person’s pertinent data if ever they are liable. People have really grown out of their freedom shell as human right propagators and enthusiasts have culminated for the right of a person to data protection and privacy. What is data protection? It is the area of the law that governs what may, and what may not, be done with confidential information obtained. Personal information is in various forms, it may be in electronic form such as the ones stored on a computer hard drive or in manual form or the written forms. Furthermore data protection law, coming from the word protect, sets out rules about the methods by which personal information may be obtained from people, the ways that organisations may and may not use personal information, when organisations may and may not transfer personal information to other organisations, and provides security obligations for the storage and transfer of personal information. Data protection law also regulates the use of personal data for marketing purposes, and restricts the sending of personal information across the borders where there is no equal protection to data deemed (Carey, 2009). Personal data as discussed in an article by Carey (2009), for better conceptualization, is defined as any information which identifies a living individual may it be in electronic or manual form. Examples of information capable of amounting to personal data include a person’s name, address, email address, DNA sample, image, and even records of transactions such as use of credit cards. Obtaining, storing, copying, filing, transferring or anything and everything that can be done to such data is called data processing (Carey, 2009). Data protection law requires three things—registration, compliance with data protection rules and attention to

Income tax accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Income tax accounting - Essay Example is under 19 years old at the end of the year for which the claimant is claiming for the EITC or under 24 years old at the end of the year for which the claimant is claiming for the EITC or any age and permanently and totally disabled; and The Child Tax Credit is a separate credit from the EITC. The Child Tax Credit is a nonrefundable credit and has a limit of $1,000 per qualifying child. The actual amount of Child Tax Credit is determined based on the income. The amount of Child Tax Credit is smaller if the adjusted gross income is more than: $110,000 and the filing status is married filing jointly, $75,000 and the filing status is single, head of household, or qualifying widow(er), or $55,000 and the filing status is married filing separately (Internal Revenue Service, 2004). In addition, the Child Tax Credit is basically limited by the amount of the income tax the parent owes as well as any alternative minimum tax the parent owes (Internal Revenue Service, 2006). Parents who qualify for the Child Tax Credit may also qualify for the Additional Child Tax Credit. The Additional Child Tax Credit is a refundable credit and may give the parent a refund even if the parent does not owe any tax. The credit is for certain parents who receive less than the full amount of the Child Tax Credit (Internal Revenue Service, 2004).

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Risks and Treatment

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Risks and Treatment Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Bryan Hines Abstract Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a very dangerous mental health condition. It effects a great many people who have been victims of traumatic events that change their outlook on life and the world around them. The purpose of this paper is to provide basic insight to the disorder, the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options used by the many trained professionals to assist people with PTSD. Keywords: PTSD, Cognitive Therapy, Exposure Therapy, Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), intrusive memories. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as a mental health condition thats triggered by a terrifying event by either witnessing it or experiencing it. According to Dr. Matthew Friedman, Ph.D, M.D., â€Å"Individuals can only develop PTSD if they have been exposed to a traumatic event. As operationalized in the DSM-IV (2) and shown in Table 1 (as the A1 criterion), traumatic events involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others. (Friedman, 2000). Post-Traumatic Stress is not new to us. For most, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is mainly associated with military veterans and active duty soldiers who have been deployed to a combat zone and have been involved in or have witnessed very traumatic events. However, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder does not just affect military members. It can affect first responders, such as Police, Fire Fighters, and hospital Emergency Room staff. People who have been in natural disasters such as floods, tornados, hurricanes, Tsunamis, to name a few can also be inflicted with PTSD. PTSD can and does affect a great many people. There is a difference, however, from PTSD and severe stress. Not everyone is susceptible to PTSD. Many who experience a traumatic event or an extremely stressful event often after a few months have no further thoughts or dreams about the event. PTSD refers to the individuals who have these symptoms for a prolonged period and for those who may never lose these symptoms. The hard part is to identify these symptoms and help those who need help but do not believe they have problems. The key is being able to identify these symptoms. Symptoms The symptoms are grouped into four types according to the Mayo Clinic. The first is intrusive memories. Intrusive memories involve reliving the event again as if it were happening all over again in the present. Having recurring memories of the event over and over again and not being able to get away from it. Intrusive memories also include having recurring dreams about the event as we all have seen in movies where the person affected by these â€Å"dreams† and seems to be reliving these events in the dreams. Intrusive memories also include being very emotional and distressed about something that reminds them of the event. Anything could trigger this reaction in someone. A certain noise or surroundings, something someone says which may have occurred prior to the event or during the event could trigger these intrusive memories. Avoidance, is exactly what it implies. Some people go to extremes to avoid anything that will remind them or trigger anything that will remind them of the event. Often going miles out of their way, when it involves and accident they witnessed or were in, to avoid bringing up the negative images in their minds. They will avoid people they knew for many years, because they remind them of the incident or event. For those who have driven on the streets of Iraq, they are often very aware of their surroundings when driving even when they get back home. If closely observed, one can see the anxiety and the â€Å"head on a swivel† motion of these individuals, where they look rapidly and in all directions. They become very anxious when they see debris on the side of the road or new construction, or even dead animals in the middle of the road, often slowing down or avoiding the spot all together. Negative changes in thinking and mood are often the most obvious signs of PTSD but certainly not the only signs. These changes deal with how the person perceives themselves. They have lost self-worth, and see very little hope into the future. They have problems dealing with loved ones and often fail to have or remain in a relationship for any length of time. This may be because they no longer feel anything emotionally. Inability to feel love, or affection toward anyone or anything. They once loved t o do things and now have no desire to do anything they once did, such as sports or socializing. They do not see the point of doing anything because they have no desire to or have no thought about the future. They often have memory issues, especially when it comes to the traumatic event. Emotional reactions, or as they are often called, Arousal Symptoms (AS), include difficulty sleeping, concentrating on little things, anxiousness or extreme angst, always on guard as in the example above. Individuals will always be looking for something to happen, and can be easily scared or startled, which may bring along with it a very negative and destructive reaction. This is caused by irritability, anger, and outbursts or aggressive behavior, which are prominent emotional reactions in those that are affected by PTSD. The severity and frequency of these symptoms are dependent on the nature and severity of the traumatic event and the ability of the person to cope with these emotions. Risk Factors Risk factors vary with respect to the individual. Theses certain risk factors include family history of mental illness, depending on age what childhood years were like, what life was like prior to traumatic event, having other mental or health issues, and of course how often one is exposed to traumatic events. Being exposed repeatedly to these types of risk factors has a significant effect on whether one develops PTSD. However, if a person has strong support system of family, friends, and trained psychiatric personnel significantly diminishes the effects that these stressors have on a person, and can often help to ward off significant stress and the potential to develop a stress disorder. For some, however, no matter how often we are able to talk to someone, these events can trigger a reaction from any event in the past. According to Dr. Friedman physical attributes also play a part in PTSD, he states â€Å"Abnormalities in brain structure and function have been demonstrated in PTSD patients. In three independent laboratories, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown reduced hippocampal volume among male and female PTSD patients who had been exposed to combat trauma, sexual assault or motor vehicle accidents† (Friedman, 2000). If identified then one should expect that identification of such findings could result in identifying potential PTSD issues in individuals attempting to join the military, first responders, and even those jobs which are susceptible to higher stressors. This could lead into some rather serious discussions into what would be legal into prescreening candidates for certain positions. But that is a different subject. If risk factors are pre-identified then it should be possible for those individuals to obtain the necessary treatment to and to learn strategies to manage their stress levels. Women according to the Veterans Administration are more likely to succumb to chronic PTSD than their male counterparts. Which is probably the result of women being more at ease with talking about their concerns and thoughts and seeking treatment. Men are less likely to do so. It is also noteworthy that recent openings of combat jobs in the military has exposed women to more stressful and traumatic events than in previous years. Coupled with the fact that women more likely the victims of sexual assault, or at least more likely to report it, than men are. According to studies 34% of women will experience some sort of sexual assault in their lifetime both as adults and as children. Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with PTSD as men are. Children are especially susceptible for obvious reasons, especially in their younger years since they have not built up the cognitive skills required to deal with such stressors as child abuse, sexual molestation, being neglected, the death of a parent or sibling, or domestic violence. Younger children are often susceptible when one or both parents have PTSD and would possibly suffer the same consequences as they grow older because the neural development occurs faster when children are at a younger age and is determined by their experiences. Extended exposure to this type of trauma at such an early age can change the development of the brain and cause major damage to the mental state of a child. It has been shown that the elderly also are at risk for PTSD. There a few reasons for this. One reason is that with age cognitive function is diminished somewhat. With this declining function it becomes more difficult to cope with stressors that occur during this period of time. The fact is that elderly people feel a decreased role in society as they are often â€Å"pushed† aside for younger people in the workforce and often times in to nursing homes when they reach a certain age. These health problems show us that we are slowly but surely withering away, which is a depressing thought. Our desire to feel needed is also affected as we get older. Children often become too busy to visit, or have others take care of their aging parents and relatives. Money also is an added stressor for the elderly. It is quite often the case that once the retirement age is reached financial income is not the same as it used to be, and the ability to create more income is extremely difficult. The c ost of medications from chronic illness, which normally increase as we get older. Even if one prepares for retirement, it is a burden to live within means based upon a fixed income and having no means of adding income to counter rise of medication dn healthcare costs, insurance, and growing living costs. Military personnel and first responders are at an increased risk for PTSD simply based upon the operational environment that they may find themselves in. For the military the constant stress of daily life of being combat situations plays a tremendous role on the psyche. The images and horrors of war, having been viewed or seen can have an extreme traumatic effect on one’s mental state. These exposures are often the major cause of PTSD in military veterans. First responders also have to deal with very gruesome events when responding to accidents, shootings, or just death in general. It is quite possible that just one event could trigger PTSD. Even while remaining in this type of environment, the individual can show signs and symptoms and need to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. There is increased risk for all of these different groups when these individuals have dealt with some sort of traumatic event in the past or have other mental health issues that may make them more susceptible to a new traumatic event. Without a strong support system many of these individuals will certainly be more at risk to succumb to PTSD. Delayed diagnosis makes treatment more difficult. There are numerous treatment options available depending on what stage the individual is in and what severity the traumatic event occurred. Treatment Although there are many potential treatments for PTSD, the primary treatment is psychotherapy. In some cases medication may be prescribed to assist with the therapy and will be combined to assist the more extreme or difficult cases. Exposure therapy is a behavioral treatment for PTSD. For PTSD patients it targets the behavior that the patient has learned in order to â€Å"deal† with the traumatic event. Most often this deals with avoidance. In this treatment type, these individuals are asked to try and recount the traumatic event, without the trauma of the event, with hope that new learning via extinction will occur and allow the patient to hinder the effects of the traumatic thoughts versus eradicating them entirely. Cognitive therapy assist the person by allowing them or giving them a new way to deal with the detrimental thoughts they are having about the traumatic event and to help them understand the event or events that took place. It helps by showing how the event changed the thought process of how they view the world, people, and themselves. The way we see things and what we perceive to be accurate has been skewed by the traumatic event. By learning about the symptoms, the way they view things and the way they feel, and understanding how the event changed what they believe in, cognitive therapy arms the person with a new way of dealing with this trauma. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) according to the Mayo Clinic, combines exposure therapy with a series of guided eye movements that help you process traumatic memories and change how you react to traumatic memories.† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). EMDR is a therapy based upon physiology and helps a person see, in a similar way to what they see during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, these disturbing events in a new and less troublesome or traumatic way. After going through the session EMDR a patient should no longer view these events in a similar view that they had prior to the therapy session. The event will still be in memory, however, how the patient views the event should be less traumatic for them. Pharmacotherapy is another approach to dealing with PTSD. While most drugs cannot remove symptoms they can offer assistance in dealing and coping with them. Antidepressants, anti-anxiety, and other drugs that assist with sleep issues may be prescribed. Pharmacotherapy should not be viewed as a primary treatment. According to The Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, â€Å"While à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst-line pharmacotherapy for PTSD, depression, and anxiety/panic disorder is a SSRI, consensus statements recommend that patients with PTSD also have specialized MH counseling, with structured cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or psychotherapy, as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.† (73521271) Patients requiring drugs to assist in the treatment of PTSD should ensure that a list of current medications is provided to their therapist in order to prescribe proper medication and avoid negative interaction. Summary Posttraumatic stress can affect anyone at any given moment. Exposure to any type of traumatic event could set off previous events that have been buried in the past. As we get older we develop new ways to avoid thinking about certain events that have occurred in our lives. If we are no longer bothered by the event after a few months then it would not be classified as PTSD, rather a stressful event that was traumatic. If another event triggered a more significant and longer lasting effect, then it would be considered PTSD. For those of us who have seen PTSD and have known or have had traumatic events may recognize the symptoms. Even if there is any doubt, the first thing one should do is to let the person know that there is no shame in getting assistance and we are all there for them. It is essential to have a great support group and it is even more essential that the one affected by a traumatic event knows there is help and support. We are often too ashamed or unaware of what we do, o r how we act unless someone else points it out to us. The key here is to know the signs and symptoms and then do something about it. References Meltzer, E., Averbuch, T., Samet, J., Saitz, R., Jabbar, K., Lloyd-travaglini, C., Liebschutz, J. (2012). Discrepancy in Diagnosis and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Treatment for the Wrong Reason. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 39(2). (2012, April 1). Retrieved August 10, 2014. Yehuda, R. (1999). Biological Factors Associated With Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(1), 34-39. (1999, January 1). Retrieved August 12, 2014. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, April 15). Diseases and Conditions Post-Traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD). Retrieved August 10, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/basics/definition/con-20022540 Friedman, M. (1995, January 1). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved August 9, 2014, from http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000111/CH109.html

Super Elevations :: physics science

Have you ever been driving down the road and approach a turn too fast? What happens? You and the car undergo centrifugal force and you as well as the car are pushed away from the turn, or up the grade also know as a superelevation. An engineer must balance this force raising the grade on one side of the road. It should be noted that under theoretical observations steering would be effortless but in order to provide these ideal conditions the friction factor would be zero and the vehicle weight would balance the centrifugal force ¹. In the real world we have friction and cannot afford to build the extremely steep slope of ËÅ"30 º every time we need an off ramp or horizontal curve. In order for the operator to comfortably maneuver a curve there are several variables that must be accounted for, the radius of the curve, friction and velocity. Radius length may depend on sight distance and right of way, or property lines as well as sight distance. Friction depends on the surface properties of various materials and climate. The slope and velocity are usually dependent on the variables just described. While building and designing these roads, it is industry standard to put 1/3 of the change in grade within the horizontal curve and 2/3 of the transition length on the tangent. In Layman’s terms, by the time the car approaches the first part of the curve, 2/3 of the grade has already been built. This assures smooth transition for the driver to maneuver the curve ³. In order to get a better idea of what kind of friction coefficients are used in Alaska, we can look at the Badger Road Interchange construction project on the Richardson Highway ². The nortbound on ramp (from Badger Road) will have a speed limit of 35 mph a radius of 135 meters and a superelevation of 5.5%. From this data one may find the friction coefficient, ( µ) to be equal to 0.10. Another example taken from the same project, observed from the off ramp in the south bound lane will have a radius of 253 meters, a super of 6% and a speed limit of 45 mph  µ was observed to be 0.09, which is just enough traction to make these corners at the posted limit. A friction coefficient that small leads the author to assume the engineers designed these turns to be taken under extremely slick conditions.

Policy of Neutrality and the United States of America

In 1792, the European struggle began which started when the French Revolution concluded with the Napoleonic Wars. During the same year, the American government first noticed that a state of war subsisted when Thomas Jefferson, then the American Secretary of State, received a message from the French Minister at Philadelphia. In reply to the notification, Jefferson assured that the United States will remain forthcoming to France â€Å"and render all those good offices which shall be consistent with the duties of a neutral nation.†(Hyneman) During that time, President Washington was art Mount Vernon, this statement from the Secretary of State seemed to be the only direct acknowledgement by the government; thus, the United States was placed in an arrangement of a neutral state. Alongside the implementation of the policy, there were various acts and bills that were made and ratified to effectively compromise with the current state of the nation. Amongst the bill, acts, treaties that were made during that time were the Non-Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill No.2, Pickney’s Treaty, Treaty of 1778 and the Convention of 1800 (Brodeur). For most of the treaties and acts that were made, it became ineffective and unimportant for most of its existence. The Neutrality Policy fulfilled the idealistic objectives of the nation but it did not fulfill the realistic objectives of the country. The United States did not want to partake in the European War and they were successful in doing so by agreeing with France; however, the acts and bills that were signed to further protect themselves from war caused them futile or even more losses. Works Cited: Brodeur, Paul. â€Å"Restitution: The Land Claims of the Mashpee, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot Indians of New England.† American ndian Quarterly 12.4 (1988): 337-39 pp. MArch 2, 2008 . Hyneman, Charles S. â€Å"Neutrality During the European Wars of 1792-1815: America's Understanding of Her Obligations † The American Journal of Internationla Law 24.2 (1930): 279-309 pp. March 2, 2008 .      

How Neologisms Keep English Alive

How Neologisms Keep English Alive A neologism is a newly coined word, expression, or usage. Its also known as a coinage. Not all neologisms are entirely new. Some are new uses for old words, while others result from new combinations of existing words. They keep the English language alive and modern. A number of factors determine whether a neologism will stay around in the language. Rarely will a word enter common usage, said the writer Rod L. Evans in his 2012 book Tyrannosaurus Lex, unless it fairly clearly resembles other words.   What Qualities Help a New Word Survive? Susie Dent, in The Language Report: English on the Move, 2000-2007, discusses just what makes a new word successful and one that has a good chance of staying in use. In the 2000s (or the noughties,  oughties,  or  zips), a newly minted word has had an unprecedented opportunity to be heard beyond its original creator. With 24-hour media coverage, and the infinite space of the internet, the chain of ears and mouths has never been longer, and the repetition of a new word today takes a fraction of the time it would have taken 100, or even 50, years ago. If, then, only the smallest percentage of new words make it into current dictionaries, what are the determining factors in their success? Very roughly speaking, there are five primary contributors to the survival of a new word: usefulness, user-friendliness, exposure, the durability of the subject it describes, and its potential associations or extensions. If a new word  fulfills  these robust criteria it stands a very good chance of inclusion in the modern lexicon. When to Use Neologisms Heres some advice on when neologisms are useful from The Economist Style Guide from 2010. Part of the strength and vitality of English is its readiness to welcome  new words and  expressions and to accept new meanings for old words. Yet such meanings and uses often depart as quickly as they arrived. Before grabbing the latest usage, ask yourself a few questions. Is it likely to pass the test of time? If not, are you using it to show just how cool you are? Has it already become a clichà ©?  Does it do a job no other word or expression does just as well? Does it rob the language of a useful or well-liked meaning? Is it being adapted to make the writers prose sharper, crisper, more euphonious, easier to understand- in other words, better? Or to make it seem more  with  it (yes, that was cool once, just as cool is cool now), more pompous, more bureaucratic or more politically correct- in other words, worse? Should the English Language Banish Neologisms? Brander Matthews commented on the idea that evolutionary changes in language should be prohibited in his book Essays on English in 1921. Despite the exacerbated protests of the upholders of authority and tradition, a living language makes new words as these may be needed; it bestows novel meanings upon old words; it borrows words from foreign tongues; it modifies its usages to gain directness and to achieve speed. Often these novelties are  abhorrent, yet  they may win acceptance if they approve themselves to the majority. This irrepressible conflict between stability and mutation and between authority and independence can be observed at all epochs in the evolution of all languages, in Greek and in Latin in the past as well as in English and in French in the present. The belief that a language ought to be fixt, that is, made stable, or in other words, forbidden to modify itself in any way, was held by a host of scholars in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were more familiar with the dead languages, in which the vocabulary is closed and in which usage is petrified, than they were with the living languages, in which there is always incessant differentiation and unending extension. To fix a living language finally is an idle dream, and if could be brought about it would be a dire calamity. Luckily language is never in the exclusive control of scholars; it does not belong to them alone, as they are often inclined to believe; it belongs to all who have it as a mother-tongue.

Isabella of Portugal (1503 - 1539), Habsburg Queen

Isabella of Portugal (1503 - 1539), Habsburg Queen Isabella of Portugal Facts Known for: regent of Spain during long absences of her husband, Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorTitles: Empress, Holy Roman Empire; Queen of Germany, Spain, Naples, and Sicily; Duchess of Burgundy; princess (Infanta) of PortugalDates: October 24, 1503 - May 1, 1539 Background, Family: Mother: Maria of Castile and Aragon Maternal grandparents: Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.Maria was the second wife of Manuel IManuels first wife, Isabella, Princess of Asturias, was Marias sister,  the eldest daughter of Isabella I and Ferdinand IIManuels third wife, Eleanor of Austria, was a niece of both Maria and Isabella, Manuels wives Father: Manuel I of Portugal Paternal grandfather: Ferdinand, Duke of ViseuPaternal grandmother: Beatrice of PortugalBeatrice was a sister-in-law and first cousin of Afonso V of Portugal, and mother-in-law and second cousin of John II of PortugalBeatrices sister, also called  Isabella of Portugal, married John II of Castile, and was the mother of Isabella IManuel succeeded his first cousin, John II of Portugal, who was married to Manuels sister, Eleanor of ViseuManuels older brother, Diogo, was stabbed to death by John II Siblings of Isabella of Portugal: Miguel de Paz, Prince of Portugal and AsturiasJohn III of PortugalBeatrice, Duchess of SavoyLouisFerdinandCardinal AfonsoHenryEdwardMaria, Duchess of Viseau Marriage, Children: Husband: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (married March 11, 1526) Charles was Isabellas first cousinhis father was Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy and Holy Roman Emperorhis mother was Joanna of Castile (known as Juana the Mad), a sister of Isabellas mother, Maria, both daughters of Isabella I and Ferdinand IIIsabellas brother, John III of Portugal, had earlier married Catherine of Austria, sister of Charles V, in 1525 Children: Philip II of Spain (1527 - 1598), who married four times: Maria Manuela of Portugal, Mary I of England, Elizabeth of France, and Anna of AustriaMaria (1528 - 1603), Holy Roman Empress, married to Maximilian II, her first cousinJoan of Austria  (1535 - 1573), who married her double first cousin, John (Joo Manuel) of Portugal; their child was King Sebastian of Portugal, who died without childrenThree children who were stillborn or died in infancy: Ferdinand (1529 - 1530), John (1537 - 1538), and an unnamed son (1539) Isabella of Portugal Biography: Isabella was born the second of the children of Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Castile and Aragon.  She was born in a year of sharp decline in  her grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, who died the next year. Marriage When her father died in 1521, her brother, John III of Portugal, negotiated a marriage with Catherine of Austria, sister of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. That marriage took place in 1525, by which time negotiations had arranged for Charles to marry Isabella. They were married on March 10, 1526, at the  Alczar, a Moorish palace. John III and Isabella, brother and sister, were first cousins of the sister and brother they married: they were all grandchildren of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, whose marriage united Spain. Isabella and Charles may have married for financial and dynastic reasons she brought a large dowry to Spain but letters of the time show that their relationship was more than just a marriage of convenience. Charles V is known for creating a world empire, molding a great Habsburg empire which was rooted in Spain rather than in Germany.  Before his marriage to Isabella, other marriages had been explored for him, including marrying a daughter of Louis XII and a sister, Mary Tudor, of Henry VIII of England, a Hungarian princess.  Mary Tudor married the King of France, but after she was widowed, talks had begun to marry her to Charles V.  When the alliance of Henry VIII and Charles V fell apart, and Charles was still in conflict with France, the marriage with Isabella of Portugal was the logical choice. Isabella has been described as frail and delicate from the time of her marriage. They shared religious piety.   Children and Legacy During Charles absences from Spain in 1529-1532 and 1535-1539, Isabella served as his regent. They had six children, of whom the first, third and fifth survived to adulthood. During one of Charles absences, Isabella died after giving birth to her sixth child, a stillbirth. She was buried at Granada. Charles did not remarry, though that was the usual custom for rulers.  He wore mourning black until his death. He later built a royal tomb, where the remains of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal are together with those of Charles mother, Juana, two of his sisters, two of their children who died in infancy, and a daughter-in-law. Isabella  and Charles son Philip II became ruler of Spain, and in 1580, also became the ruler of Portugal.  This temporarily united the two Iberian countries. A portrait of Empress Isabella by Titian portrays her at her needlework, presumably waiting for the return of her husband. Joan of Austria and Sebastian of Portugal This daughter of Isabella of Portugal was the mother of the ill-fated Sebastian of Portugal and ruled Spain as regent for her brother Philip II. Known for:  Habsburg princess; regent of Spain for her brother,  Philip II Title by marriage:  Princess of PortugalDates:  June 24, 1535 - September 7, 1573Also known as:  Joan of Spain, Joanna, doà ±a Juana, Dona Joana Marriage, Children: husband: Infante John Manuel, Prince of Portugal (married 1552)one child:Sebastian  of Portugal (1554 - 1578) Joan of Austria Biography: Joan was born in Madrid. Her father was King of Aragon and King of Castile, the first to rule the united Spain, as well as Holy Roman Emperor. Joan was therefore also an Infanta of Spain as well as an Archduchess of Austria, part of the powerful Habsburg family. Joan was married in 1552 to John Manuel, Infante of Portugal and expected heir to that throne. He was her double first cousin. The Habsburg family tended to marry cousins; both their parents were also first cousins of each other. Joan and John Manuel shared the same grandmothers, who were sisters: Joanna I and Maria, daughters of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon. They also shared the same two grandfathers: Philip I of Castile and Manuel I of Portugal. 1554 1554 was a momentous year. John Manuel had always been sickly, surviving four brothers who died before him. On January 2, when Joan was pregnant with her first child, John Manuel died, of consumption or diabetes. He was only 16 years old. On the 20th of that month, Joan gave birth to their son Sebastian. When his paternal grandfather John III died three years later, Sebastian became king. His paternal grandmother, Catherine of Austria, was regent for Sebastian from 1557 to 1562. But Joan left later in 1554 for Spain, without her son. Her brother, Philip II, had married the English Queen Mary I, and Philip joined Mary in England. Joan never saw her son again, though they corresponded. Convent of the Poor Clares In 1557, Joan founded a convent for the Poor Clares, Our Lady of Consolation. She also supported the Jesuits. Joan died in 1578, only 38 years old, and was buried at the convent she had founded, which became known as the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales. Sebastian's Fate Sebastian never married, and died on August 4, 1578, in battle when attempting a crusade against Morocco. He was only 22 years old. Myths of his survival of the battle and imminent return led to him being called The Desired (o Desejado).

Globale Economy Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globale Economy 2 - Essay Example olders are the real or true owners of the company and they have invested in the organization therefore researchers and economists encourage the idea to maximize the investment made by the shareholders. The second approach is stakeholder capitalism in which all parties that have their stake in the organization should be given importance and not just the shareholders. All parties that could be influenced by the actions of the organization or their actions could influence the organization are referred to as stakeholders. Because in generating profits, there are other parties involved besides the shareholders such as employees and management of the organization, distributors, suppliers and people in the society and government, therefore the concept of stakeholder capitalism encourages maximizing the value of stakeholders rather than just investors. The approach of state ownership is also known as the government ownership as in this approach the government has the decision making authority. The concept behind state ownership approach is that the government would make decisions according to the benefit of the overall economic condition of the country and strategies would be formulated to meet the needs of the society (Clarke and Kohler, 40). Also this would discourage the idea of encouraging private firms to charge high prices and earn more profits. Stakeholder capitalism is the best approach to maximize the long run economic performance of the firm because in this approach, not only the shareholders of the firms are considered but every party that has something at stake with the organization would be given importance. Because an organization does not operate in isolation and different parties are affected by its actions therefore the approach of stakeholder capitalism should be encouraged. Employees are the ones who help the organization to grow and earn profits therefore it is important that they should be involved in the board of directors regardless of what

Balancing Stakeholders Interests In Case Of A Conflict Essay - 2

Balancing Stakeholders Interests In Case Of A Conflict - Essay Example The CAW accepted a wage freeze that would last three years approximately. Vacations would have to go for lesser time and employees would have to contribute higher towards their benefit plans. From the abstract what is clear is that the bailout necessitated that employees do most of the heavy lifting. Suffering wage cuts, taking shorter vacations while the owners who happen to also be external stakeholders do not seem to suffer that much. How then can the interest of employees and shareholders be balanced in case a conflict arises? To answer this question I will use Edward Freeman’s stakeholder’s theory to delve in depth into this issue pitting both moral responsibilities and profit maximization objectives of the business unit. Stakeholder hypothesis is a theory of executive management and trade ethics that deals with principles and values in running an organization. In the conventional view of the firm, the investor view, they are the proprietors of the company and the corporation has a compulsory duty to put their needs first, to boost value for them. Stakeholder conjecture fights that there are added parties involved, including workers, clientele, providers, investors, society, legislative bodies, political lobby groups, trade links, and unions. Even rivals are sometimes counted as stakeholders - their position being consequent from their aptitude to affect the company and its stakeholders. The nature of what is a stakeholder is extremely contested The stakeholder view of policy integrates equally a resource and a market-based view and adding up a socio-political stage. This outlook of the corporation is used to describe the precise stakeholders of a firm (the normative presumption (Donaldson) of stakeholder identification) mutually examines the conditions beneath which these parties ought to be treated as stakeholders.

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example Sherlock Holmes, from the television serial â€Å"The Hound of The Baskervilles† and the movie â€Å"Sherlock Holmes,† played by Jeremy Brett and Robert Downey respectively, are compared, then it is found that they display similar traits and behavior when it comes to their mental patterns. For example, they both like the process of deduction and find it challenging. They are proud of their analytical ability to deduct the facts about people from their physical appearance or accessories. For example, Brett is shown making deduction about a man from the walking stick that he forgets in his apartment. When he sees the man getting down from the carriage, he remarks â€Å"I was right,† in a very satisfactory and happy tone. In the movie, Downey is shown making deduction about Watson’s girl friend from her appearance and her accessories. He does not refuse to state the facts even when he realizes that it might make Watson and his girl friend uncomfortable. This shows that both the characters find great mental satisfaction in making deductions about people, and do not hesitate to display their skill even if it creates discomfort for others. Secondly, both the characters are sarcastic in their expressions. For example, Brett asks Watson to make deduction from the walking stick. When Watson tells him what he thinks, Brett initially appreciates him but when Watson expresses happiness over his achievement, Brett says â€Å"but I am afraid that most of your conclusions were erroneous.† Similarly, even Downey is shown being sarcastic in his remarks. For example, in the beginning of the movie, when the inspector reaches the crime scene after the girl is saved by Holmes and Watson from being murdered by Lord Blackwood, Holmes says to the inspector â€Å"impeccable timing Lestrade,† in a sarcastic tone. Later, when inspector says â€Å"and you were supposed to wait for my orders,† Downey replies â€Å"if I had, you would be cleaning up a corpse and chasing a rumor.† This shows that

Shaping American History Essay Example for Free

Shaping American History Essay As they say there is nothing constant but change. While there is nothing that can be added to this truism, one can argue that although American society is constantly evolving, the changes that are happening in the 21st century are simply the byproduct of the events that transpired in the past, particularly after World War II. These pivotal decades after the Second World War covers the latter part of the 20th century and these five important periods in modern US history are popularly known by their epithets: the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80, and 90s. The following pages will show the pivotal events that occurred within each decade that consequently shaped American history. In the Aftermath of the War The Second World War was one of the bloodiest in the history of mankind. But aside from the carnage, the most important thing to remember about World War II is the effect it had on the political landscape. Germany was reduced to rubble and humbled beyond recognition. Japan was also humiliated especially after two atomic bombs leveled two key cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although Great Britain belonged to the winning team, the human and monetary cost of the war forced this once proud nation to take a backseat to two emerging global superpowers, the United States and the Union Soviet Socialist Republic. While the whole world was rebuilding from the ashes of war, the United States began to grow from strength to strength. It also began to evolve, particularly in the area of politics and technology. Its policies after the war as well as the scientific breakthroughs experienced by American scientists made the US a force to contend with. The United States of America replaced Europe as the center of the world. The following historical events will help characterize America in the decades after World War II. The 1950s Television There were so many things happening in the decade of the 50s. It was rebuilding time all over the world. The euphoria from winning the global conflict began to wane and Americans started to ease back into normalcy. During this time American citizens began to notice something that used to be in their peripheral vision during World War II but after the war it slowly began to move front and center – the television set. But it had to begin from scratch, â€Å"There was hardly a large enough audience base to interest advertisers in investing in what programming was available. And there was no evidence that television was more than a costly toy† (Sig, 1998). But things began to change for this little apparatus. Technology was a major factor as well as the astute businessmen who saw the great potential for TV. It did not take very long before American began to appreciate the sitcoms, soaps and news broadcast that they can enjoy watching in their television set. With regards to the impact of TV, John Corner was able to put it succinctly when he remarked that TV radically altered the scale, speed of circulation, and nature of knowledge in society and he adds that there is also, â€Å"The extension of the public knowledge field by television, a process co-extensive with television’s steady colonization of everyday life †¦ has changed the nature both of public and private life† (Thumim, 2002). In light of what is happening today, there is so much truth in this last statement. The use of television as a means to broadcast message into homes made a huge impact in American lives considering the history altering events that occurred after the 1950s. If the television set failed to replace radio as the major method of relaying information then it would have been impossible for Americans to feel the seriousness of the Cold War, the excitement of seeing man landing on the moon, the ambivalence concerning the Vietnam War, the social turmoil of the 80s, and many others.

Unilever and Coke: Impact on the Environment and Workers

Unilever and Coke: Impact on the Environment and Workers A multinational corporation or MNC is a large joint stock company or a firm that has operations and assets in at least one foreign country other than its home country. They are characterized by having multi product portfolio, worldwide market, selling billions of worth goods services, large consumer base, worldwide competitors, global perspective, large RD base, employing thousands of workers globally, with only one motive i.e. Profit making. According to recent statistics the combined sales of top 200 MNC’s were around 28% of world’s GDP. Least developing country, or LDC’s, symbolise the weakest section of the international economic community comprising of almost 12% of world population, about 880 million people, accounting for only 2% world GDP 1% global trade (UN-OHRLLS). These countries are lacking in infrastructure, have poor economy inadequate industrial base, large population below poverty line. As per the 2012 UN list, there are 48 least developed coun tries in the world with countries like Africa, Latin America being a part of the list. A multinational companies’ primary motive is to reap profits by employing cheaper, efficient and reliable resources, for which LDC’s or developing economies are ideal as they are economically weak, burdened by unemployment, debt and structural instability. To woo these investors and bring in FDI, the governments lower trade restrictions and give a free reign to the country’s resources to boost their weak economy. While MNC’S are perceived as a positive force that bring employment, economic growth, better technology living standards in the developing economies, but their greed for profit maximisation has led them to exploit the natural resources, human resource, and environment of these developing countries. Coke and its Impact on India’s Economy, Natural resource (water), Environment India’s Reliance on Coke: The worldwide markets in 1990’s for soft drinks industry was shrinking and Coca Cola faced a shrinking market in the US and EU as the western consumer got more health conscious and started banning such products. The market focus shifted to India as it was a developing market with a large middle class population base. Coke returned back to India in 1993 and invested more than 1 billion US$ in 10 years’ time making it the country’s top international investor. With a record growth of â€Å"16% sales volume in India in 2012, 59 bottling operations, 21 contract packers manufacturers, 700,000 retail outlets†, (The Coca-Cola Company) Coke has created millions of jobs through its contract manufacturing, procurement, supply, and distribution networks. The company plans to â€Å"invest another $5 billion† to double its revenue and volume by 2020 making it one of the most promising MNC to boost the Indian economy. (The Coca-Col a Company) Access to natural Resources: Coca Cola, the American multinational invested in India to reap heavy profits and gets access to cheap ground water, low extraction and labour cost. Coca-Cola extracts about 2.5 million litres of water/day, equivalent to meet the basic needs of 100,000 residents every day (India Resource Centre).The use of ground water for bottling Coke and its products in various regions in India has led to drought leading to inability of farmers to continue farming. Indians face extreme water shortages due to unequal distribution of water and also because it’s a highly agrarian economy where 70% people rely on agriculture (Srivastava, 2008). Coke’s plant in Kala Dera, Rajasthan, has caused severe water shortages resulting in depletion of groundwater levels. TERI (The Energy Resources Institute), India’s largest NGO, in its report in 2008 said that in the peak summer months of its production, the plant accounted for using 8% of water extraction with in 2 km radius of the plant making it non-sustainable. Another bottling plant in Kerala, Palakkad, draws 1.5 million litres of water daily (Arjun Sen, The Statesman) resulting in drying up of irrigation wells and producing thousands of gallons of toxic sludge (BBC). Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (HCCBPL), the bottling partner of Coke India, has a plant near Mehdiganj, UP. The plant’s annual requirement is 50,000 cubic metres of water, and uses 2 bore wells of depths 103 and 137 meters, drawing almost 12,290 cubic meters/month of water during its peak season (Central Groundwater Authority, India). As part of ‘Replenishment Policy’, the company has initiated 400 rainwater harvesting projects to restore groundwater resources, provide potable water to over 100 schools, restored traditional water bodies and is pioneering sustainable agricultural practices. Coca Cola also installed Rain Water Harvesting systems in 39 SOS children’s villages in it s bid to give back the water they are using. Environmental impact – A multinationals’ primary aim is profit and utilisation of production practices that are cheap and efficient, even though they might have a negative impact on environment. The contaminated farmlands comprising of toxic-laden waste and unacceptable levels of pesticides in Coke products, leaves toxic environmental footprints in India. Coca Cola has been discharging its waste and effluent into the fields, rivers around the plant areas indiscriminately resulting in the pollution of ground water and soil, making the water of wells and hand pumps unfit for consumption. In Plachimada and Mehdiganj areas Coke distributed its waste to farmers as Fertilisers. Tests conducted by BBC found traces of cadmium and lead in the waste proving its toxicity. Coke products have been proved to have high level of pesticides including DDT, lindane and Malathion with the pesticides and insecticides averaging 0.0150 mg/l, 30 times higher than the European Economic Commissi on (EEC) limit (Pollution Monitoring Laboratory), infact Coke’s Ballia plant is located in an area with a severe contamination of arsenic in its groundwater. Coca-Cola has introduced various initiatives for sustainable supply of agricultural crops, green manufacturing and packaging practices to support the farmers in improved yields and to protect the natural resources across the supply chain. Project ‘Unnati’ in Chittoor, has piloted ultrahigh-density plantations (UHDP) in mango cultivation, to raise productivity, conserve water land resources and increase the incomes of around 25,000 small farmers covering 50,000 acres. Unilever and its Impact on Workers and Environment Impact on Workers: The Unilever can be found across 150 countries, it’s a trusted name in nutrition, hygiene and personal care. They have been in 3 key countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya). Unilever has made an employee programme called, Lamplighter employee programme to improve the fitness, nutrition, and mental health of employees. (Employee Health, Nutrition Well-being.) This programme had already been used in 30 countries, reaching 35,000 people. In 2012, they restricted Smoking for employees whilst at work due to health issues, reaching a â€Å"100% compliance by 2013† (Employee Health, Nutrition Well-being.) According to the labour act, the maximum working hours is 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week. Also the employers working engaged in the harvesting the oil palms need to work on Saturdays but are paid twice the daily wage for working on Saturday. The wage paid to the workers in Ghana is relatively good as their â€Å"daily minimum wage in Ghana is  ¢13,200 (about â⠀š ¬1.25)† (Enu-Kwesi). Unilever’s labour act strictly prohibits the employment of children but the Ghana Employers Association (GEA) found children working in oil palms and rubber plantations. These children confront hazards like exposure to toxic substances, sexual abuse, violence, snake bites and accidents, such as from falling fruits, and cuts. Impact on Environment: Unilever is highly dependent on the environment as the raw materials it requires directly come from nature. According to Greenpeace, Unilever drives deforestation in Borneo by buying palm oil. Unilever is clearing the countrys rainforests, threatening native people and wildlife. Borneo is very important to Unilever because of the presence of palm oil, a common ingredient used in soaps and many other personal care products. Unilever purchases â€Å"1.3 million tons of palm oil each year.† (Hance, Jeremy.) Deforestation is endangering species and resulting in climate change through greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In Sumatra and Borneo, palm-oil expansion threatens elephants, tigers and rhinos, as well as orang-utans. (The Other Oil Spill.) However, Unilever has taken various initiatives to save the environment by reducing their emissions GHG in the atmosphere, with acts like reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport, they will achieve this by reduci ng truck mileage, employing alternative transport such as rail or ship. There has been â€Å"18% improvement in CO2 efficiency since 2010 and 7% reduction of CO2 emissions in 2013 compared to 2012.† (TARGETS PERFORMANCE.) As Unilever is the largest producer of ice cream, making their consumption of refrigerators very high, they have tried to reduce gas emissions from refrigerators by using the hydrocarbon climate friendly refrigerators. Unilever has already bought â€Å"1.5 million refrigerator, exceeding their target of 850,000 units.† (TARGETS PERFORMANCE.) Conclusion: While MNC’S are perceived as a positive force that bring employment, economic growth, better technology living standards in the developing countries, but their greed for profit maximisation has led them to exploit the natural resources, human resource, and environment of these developing countries. The overwhelming data proves that the MNC’s are indeed taking due advantage of the weak regulatory authority of these countries at the cost of human health, well-being global environment. In India, Coca Cola may claim to ‘replenish water’ but the glaring truth is reflected by drying hand pumps, bore wells, ponds low ground-water levels and the drying agricultural farms because of lack of irrigation water. The environmental initiatives taken by the company are motivated by the intent to improve the productivity and yields, rest are all side benefits. Rather than bringing in economic prosperity, Coca-Cola has managed to bring in environmental degradat ion, toxic dumping, economic and health problems in Indian communities. Similarly Unilever boasts of many environmental human initiatives but it cannot balance out the damage it’s causing to the environment and the human labour, especially children of these developing countries. Is blatant liberalisation the answer to all the problems of these developing countries? Does the blame of over exploitation lies only at the doorsteps of the MNC’s and not the local governments, who give a free reign to these MNC’s to boost their economies? Who is accountable for the human and environmental damage these companies are incurring? When will we see the real â€Å"Responsible Corporate Citizen MNC’s† that are dictated by a moral code and not just the profit mode?

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and production process throu

How does Caryl Churchill affect the acting and production process through her script writing Caryl Churchill has furthered feminist performance theory, in the last twenty years, and broadened traditional views of gender roles through her script writing. For example, her plays Cloud Nine and Top Girls defy traditional convention, with Cloud Nine’s cross-gender casting and Top Girl’s pro-Thatcherite ethos as its foundation. Churchill has affected the acting and production process in the way she has written her scripts, such as the mentioned pieces, and the way in which theatre is performed. â€Å"Her work is heavily influenced by the practices of experimental and physical theatre: not one to make it easy for an audience, she prefers to tell a tale in a challenging, sometimes meandering way.† The language in Far Away appears very normal within the context of the piece, though the subject of the book is something that most audiences would either not understand or be disgusted by. â€Å"†¦ and in fact I killed two cats and a child under five so it wasn’t that different from a mission.† – Joan Churchill’s script, for Far Away, can be seen to turn our present day society into a collection of barbarous individuals, sparing no exception to the animal kingdom and Mother Nature. One could see this as Churchill’s own portrayal of the War of the Worlds. Joan shows concern regarding where the loyalties of the nearby river lies. This could be seen as quite an absurd gesture, however falls into place within the context of the piece and the society in which the characters are living in. Everything on planet Earth is at war with one another. Churchill’s post modern script can be seen to affect the acting and production process by the way in which it transforms the actors into characters, that are unrelated to present day society, who far more in touch with their primordial instinct of ‘survival of the fittest’ in this unimaginable war. â€Å"I’ve shot cattle and children in Ethiopia. I’ve gassed mixed troops of Spanish, computer programmers and dogs. I’ve torn starlings apart with my bare hands†¦ I could go on all day doing that, it was better than sex.† - Todd. The characters within Churchill’s script appear almost quite normal at the beginning, in regards to the very start of the play where the initial convers... ...whereby at the end of the play Selby is in a managerial position. Though this was done in a more light-hearted spirit without the solemn tones that hang about Top Girls. This can be seen to be the way in which Churchill’s attention to current affairs in plays such as Top Girls and After Dinner Joke have affected the acting and production process. Caryl Churchill can be seen to have affected the acting and production process of today’s theatre in many different ways through her script writing. The ‘chilling vision’ of the future in Far Away pushes the actors into a new world, a new approach to their character studies. Top Girls, a reflection of Thatcherite Britain in the late seventies and eighties, takes the actors back to a milestone for the women population of Britain. After Dinner Joke, another reflection of the fight for Third World awareness and the fight against poverty and famine in the late seventies that would lead to such projects as Band Aid. This paper has seen how these particular scripts have affected the acting process, by pushing actors to achieve new feats, and the production process, by the way in which a play is staged and cast.

Environmental Impact Assessment Of Senedd Building Environmental Sciences Essay

An Earth heat exchange system, consisted by 27 pipes drilled 100m into the land and accompanied by suited pumps, for the circulation of the H2O of steady temperature ( 14oC ) , in order to take advantage of the geothermic energy ( Assembly Wales, 2011 ) . The wood fire boiler, which unlike the belowground heat exchange system is merely used during the warming season, has the advantage of â€Å" being efficaciously carbon impersonal † ( UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs-Defra, 2011 ) , since wood is less fouling after burning than common coal ( Defra UK, 2011 ) , Furthermore, temperature detectors improve the efficiency of these systems, modulating automatically their operation ( Assembly Wales, 2011 ) . It could be considered, that since the wood fire boiler in this instance, is non the sole warming system working – in specific it is auxiliary to the belowground heat exchange system ( News Wales, 2006 ) – and furthermore since it is non necessary to run to the full at an one-year footing -apart from its operation to heat the H2O in the lavatories ( Sustainability at work, 2011 ) , the C footmark of this contraption is merely a per centum of the entire footmark of the edifice. Nevertheless, the ground of implementing such a characteristic is to better the edifice ‘s public presentation, in footings of sustainable design and energy efficiency and therefore, a proper scrutiny and if necessary an optimisation of it, could take to even better consequences.2. Wood Fire Boilers and energy usageThe edifice was designed as an model sustainable application, in an attempt to show good pattern and set up a higher criterion for new buildings ( Defra UK, 2011 ) . Therefore it showcases among other things, the passage in usage from fossil fuels to low C options and the important energy nest eggs ensuing by the operation of a wood fire boiler. Wood is a sustainable fuel that can be easy accessed, collected, or managed and adult sustainably ( Green Systems UK, 2011 ) . In footings of fuel features and C emanations, wood is about a nothing C stuff, since the CO2 that is released after burning, is the same sum as it would hold been released by the terminal of life phase and decomposition of a tree ( Green Systems UK, 2011 ) . Therefore, burning of wood is non harmful to the environment, since it is a process that follows the natural C rhythm of this stuff ( Green Systems UK, 2011 ) . Wood fire boilers can be divided in farther classs depending on the fuel used ( e.g. wood bit boilers, wood pellet boilers, log boilers, etc. ) . However, the one installed in Senedd presents the advantage of utilizing both wood french friess and wood pellets ( Wood Energy Ltd, 2011 ) , maximising this manner the handiness of the fuel to be provided in either instance. Below there are two images, declarative mood of this type of wood fuel. Wood pellets Wood french friess ( Cotton R. , 2010 ) ( Cotton R. , 2010 ) In footings of waste production after the fuel burning ( i.e. residuary ash ) , what is left â€Å" is about pure potassium hydroxide, which is sold to local nurserymans for fertiliser † ( Sustainability at work, 2011 ) , incorporating one more sustainable characteristic this manner ( i.e. reusability ) , which makes it a more efficient alternate than common dodo fuel boilers. Furthermore, wood fire boilers can be the chief beginning of heat for a edifice or they can be used in concurrence with other heating systems, offering the chance to be used partially whenever this is considered necessary ( i.e. to be accompanied by a dorsum up gas boiler or the other manner around ) ( Cotton, R. , 2011 ) . An extra advantage, is the low care characteristics that are implemented in many of this sort of boilers ( and in the 1 installed in Senedd ) , such as automatic heat money changer, tubing cleansing system and automatic de-ashing ( Cotton R. , 2010 ) . Low care characteristics like these, do non merely lend in a lower cost over clip, but they result besides in an easier overall operation. Possible fix actions can be minimized and to boot, more systematic care actions can be besides reduced significantly. Since energy devouring issues, apart from the consequence they have on clime alteration and the environment in general, they can be rather onerous besides, in footings of cost in many ways. Government grants for implementing low C engineerings and other type of actions, such as possible hereafter C revenue enhancements can work as inducement for increasing penchant in such alternate edifice energy systems ( Green Systems UK, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Cotton, R. , 2010: â€Å" The cardinal difference between biomass and dodo fuel is the design of the wood fuel storage and bringing mechanism † .3. Senedd wood fire boiler specifications.Below there are two images of the Biomass boiler installed in Senedd. ( Cotton R. , Wood Energy Ltd. 2010 ) ( Cotton R. , Wood Energy Ltd. 2010 ) Despite the fact that this boiler is auxiliary to the belowground heat exchange system ( News Wales, 2006 ) , it is capable to match to the full at peak demand, accompanied by a gas back up option of 400kW ( Cotton, R. , 2010 ) . The tabular array below provides some basic information on the wood fire boiler operating in Senedd and it is based on information published online the company commissioned to supply and put in the wood fire boiler.Wood fire Boiler SpecificationsBoiler Type Binder RRK/RRF 400-600 Maximum rated end product 360kW Wood fuel specification Wood bit and pellet Maximal wet content 35 % Maximal atom size G50 Wood fuel storage volume 40 M3 ( Wood Energy Ltd, 2011 ) . Some extra characteristics, harmonizing to the aforementioned beginning, are: â€Å" Underfed fireplace burning system † â€Å" Automatic cleansing of heat money changer tubings † â€Å" Exhaust gas recirculation † â€Å" Gas ignition burner † â€Å" Subterranean fuel shop to let easy tipping of either wood pellets or wood french friess and is fitted with a modular walking floor system to transport the fuel to the boiler system † ( Wood Energy Ltd. , 2011 ) .4. Occupant ‘s positionThe wood fire boiler provides â€Å" hot H2O for hand-washing in the lavatories and for heating convectors † ( Sustainability at work, 2011 ) . As it can be concluded, it is merely in usage during the warming season. Due to the temperature detectors, the boiler operates merely when temperature falls under a specified degree and when there is a demand to supplement the public presentation of the belowground exchange warming system. Furthermore, it is equipped with a 400kW gas standby option, so heat inside the edifice is provided during all times when it is required. A zero user intercession can be considered, due to the automated ignition and capacity control mentioned in the boiler specification above. The Building Energy Management System ( BEMS ) , along with the attach toing sub-meters allow an energy ingestion rating including the wood fire boiler and an overall direction throughout the edifice ‘s life ( Assembly Wales, 2011 ) .5. Alternative energy systemsSing alternate options for a edifice that has been certified as â€Å" first-class † under the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method ( BREEAM ) ( National Assembly for Wales, 2011 ) , is non an easy undertaking. Nevertheless, a treatment and re-examination of current patterns is ever good, since there may be issues of adjustability for future demands originating, particularly for instances of long design life. Following the current tendency in sustainable edifice building ( i.e. C emanations decrease ) , an alternate warming system that could replace a wood fire boiler could be solar thermic energy contraptions, such as evacuated tubings. These tubes nowadays the advantage of roll uping sunshine from a wider angle, and to boot ensue in greater solar additions in winter compared to solar panels ( Sustainable Heating Solutions, 2011 ) . Below there are two images, declarative mood of this type of solar aggregators. ( GreenTerraFirma, 2011 ) ( Sustainable Heating Solutions, 2011 ) The big country of the undulating roof of Senedd, makes the installing of evacuated tubings an suited solution, since solar panels would non be satisfactory as options for this type of roof geometry. Furthermore, since evacuated tubings would non be seeable ( except from above ) , the human position on the edifice would stay unchanged, keeping this manner the initial aesthetics of the edifice. Additionally, since solar thermic contraptions can be auxiliary to bing energy systems in a edifice, they could supply the staying per centum of heat required, when the resistance heat exchange system would non be able to run into peak demand. In footings of C footmark rating, facets such as fuel transit or intervention are non necessary in the instance of solar energy contraptions. The entire C footmark of the evacuated tubings would ensue from the industry procedure and the transit and installing merely, and extra trips for wood fuel proviso could be avoided.